FACTS ABOUT WHALES AND TIPS FOR SPOTTING WHALES IN THE WHITSUNDAYS, by Master Reef Guide, Crystal Lacey – aka ‘Little Fish’

There are two types of whales and the main difference between them is the way they feed and inside their mouths: 

1) Baleen whales, such as Humpbacks, have 270-400 whalebone plates which look like combs, hang down from the upper jaw, and are used to sieve krill and plankton from seawater. 

2) Toothed whales, such as Orcas, actively hunt prey such as fish, squid, seals and sea birds using their teeth.

• In total, more than 92 species of whales and dolphins are found in our world’s oceans.
• Humpback whales appear in all the world’s oceans and those found within The Whitsundays migrate at a cruising speed of approximately eight kilometres per hour, reaching 32 kilometers per hour in short bursts.
• Like fingerprints, the Humpback whale can be individually identified by the unique black and white markings on the underside of the tail flukes, along with unique bumps on the edges of the tail.
• Humpbacks can dive up to 200 metres and be underwater for 45 minutes. When travelling however, Humpbacks will conduct shallow dives and be underwater for 10-15 minutes between breaths.
• With a gestational period of 11-12 months, Humpbacks give birth to one calf every two to three years, tail-first.
• The Humpback mother’s milk is the consistency of toothpaste, and milk production can be up to 600 litres daily!
• In the warm tropical waters of The Whitsundays, Humpback calves develop a protective blubber layer, increasing their weight five to eight times their birth weight, allowing them to keep warm when they return to the cold waters.
• Only discovered in the mid-1980s, the elusive female Dwarf Minke whale also passes through the protected waters of The Whitsundays during the June – October whale season.
• Spending most of their adult lives pregnant, female Dwarf Minke whales give birth to a single calf each year. With a gestational period of 10 months, the young are born the size of a baby giraffe.
• The largest animal to have ever lived on earth is the Blue Whale. Weighing 190,000 kilograms and growing up to 33 metres in length (the equivalent of three school buses) the heart of a Blue Whale is the size of a small car and its babies are born seven metres long and each weighs the same as an elephant.
• Although the world’s largest animal, Blue Whales prey on some of the smallest – eating up to 40 million krill daily.
• To breathe when sleeping, whales and dolphins microsleep; this means half of their brain is active and the other half resting to ensure they’re alert enough to breathe and detect potential danger.

LITTLE FISH’S TOP TIPS FOR SPOTTING WHALES IN THE WHITSUNDAYS:

• Boat is the best means of getting an up-close look at whales in The Whitsundays from June – October. Overnight sailing, bareboating and many other tours depart daily from Airlie Beach and the surrounding islands.
• While snorkelling or diving during whale season, keep an ear open. Male Humpbacks are famous for their songs which can be heard up to 30 kilometres away. These complex collaborations of moans, howls and cries can last for hours and each year, a new verse is added to the song. The song is the same for the entire group however, different populations have different songs which helps to identify different whale populations globally.
• Humpbacks are famous for their entertaining acrobatic displays. As elusive as these ocean giants can be underwater, the easiest way to spot a Humpback is when they launch their entire bodies out of the water, called breaching. 

There are many surface behaviours of the Humpback whale, and each has a specific meaning:

• Full Body Breach: Mothers will teach their young how to launch their bodies out of the water either just for fun or to help relieve themselves of nasty parasites.
• Blow: When Humpbacks voluntarily breathe, the force of the air coming out of their blowholes can be seen for miles as a cloud of mist above the surface.
• Tail Slap: Positioning themselves vertically in the water and slapping their tails on the surface, Humpbacks will perform this repeatedly mainly as a defensive action against predators.
• Spy Hop: Bringing their heads virtually out of the water and slowly moving their heads around, this is a way for the whales to ‘spy’ on what’s happening above the surface – inquisitive behaviour.
• Head Slap or Lunge: This act is for play, communication, or dislodging parasites, shown as the whale lunges its head out of the water and forwards.
• Peduncle Throw: When a Humpback throws the bottom half of its body upwards and sideways, out of the water and slapping down onto the surface using its tail muscle – a powerful and aggressive or defensive behaviour backed with lots of force. Between mothers and calves, peduncle throws are thought to be an act of discipline or warding-off a calf’s potential predator.
• Pectoral Slap: Thought to predominantly be a flirting behaviour, this is when Humpbacks lay on their side or back and use their pectoral fins to slap the surface of the water.
• Fluke Down (shallow) compared to a peduncle arch (deep): Both actions indicate a dive, however, one being a shallow dive and the other a deep dive, which when whale watching is important to note as this will indicate whether you will spot the whale again in a few minutes or possibly 45 minutes later.

*Source: Susan Darwiche, Senior Publicist susand@vervepr.com.au